The meeting was held under joint auspices of the african national congress, natal indian congress, and the coloured people organisation. The group areas act, freedom days sad, angry anteceden. As described by the constitutional court, race was the basic, allpervading and inescapable criterion for participation by a person in all. Group areas were created for the exclusive ownership and occupation of a designated group christopher 1994. An analysis of senate factors five and six of the voting rights act expert report submitted on behalf of plaintiffs in frank v. The housing act of 1949 inaugurated a new federal program, urban redevelopment, later known as urban renewal, in which a government agency staffed by experts took blighted and slum areas by eminent domain, demolished the buildings therein, and turned the properties over to private developers to rebuild. The provisions of paragraph hof subsection 2 of sec tion ten of the group areas act, 1950, shall apply 1 in any urban area or rural township situated in the controlled area only in so far as they relate to. Under the group areas act 1950 the cities and towns of south africa were divided into segregated residential and business areas. Through legislation such as the native land act, 19 act no. All africans over 16 to carry passbooks which contained information on employment, poll tax, etc.
The group areas act was fashioned as the cornerstone of apartheid policy and aimed to eliminate mixed neighbourhoods in favour of racially segregated ones which would allow south africans to develop separately south african institute for race relations, 1950. More than 60 000 people were forcibly removed to barren outlying areas aptly known as the cape flats, and their houses in. Instead of withdrawing the proclamation and issuing another, the board tried to save face by amending the act, quite unnecessarily, in 1955. This was the statute that enforced residential racial segregation. The government law advisers soon after found that the proclamation said the exact opposite, and the group areas board became the laughing stock of the civil service. The roots of the acts public housing provisions extended back a century to when the movement for housing reform began in the united. This legislation is referred to in bill s2028, an act relative to pandemic and disaster preparation and response in the commonwealth. The group areas act 1950, which assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in the whitedominated urban areas. Thousands of coloureds, blacks, and indians were removed. The primary purpose of apartheid laws was to promote the superiority of whites and to establish and elevate the minority white regime. The group areas act gaa of 1950 was a series of three acts passed by the parliament of south africa as part of the countrys system of apartheid a policy of segregation and discrimination. The act was to provide for the establishment of group areas, for the control of the acquisition of immovable property and the occupation of land and premises and. The minimum wages central rules, 1950 vide notification no. This policy eliminated much government support for indian tribes and ended the protected trust.
The cornerstone of apartheid was the population registration act of 1950 in terms of which every citizen was classified as a member of a statutory group. Applicable to vumc areas and associated workforce members. This compilation includes small business administration. In the terminology of the time, the main groups were. Efforts will be made to increase awareness of the legal authority of the act, of the bermuda medical council bmc remit, e medical practitioners professional conduct committee and of the regulations and policies which exist to implement the legislation. As a system, apartheid used longestablished race classifications to maintain the dominance of the colonial occupation of the country. The bestknown provisions of the housing act of 1949 concern public housing and urban redevelopment or urban renewal, as it was called later, two closely related, separate, and at times rival areas of reform. On 11 february 1966 it was declared a white area under the group areas act of 1950, and by 1982, the life of the community was over. The coloured folk of plett, how they were moved from the.
At its top level, it divides the world of legislation into fifty topicallyorganized titles, and each title is further subdivided into any number of logical subtopics. This is a copy of the group areas act, act no 41 of 1950. The first group areas act, the group areas act, 1950 was promulgated on 7 july 1950. More than 60 000 people were forcibly removed to barren outlying areas aptly known as the cape flats, and their houses in district six were flattened by bulldozers. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. The past, present, and future of community development in the. Congress established a new policy towards american indians.
As described by the constitutional court, race was the basic, allpervading and inescapable criterion for participation by a person in all aspects of political, economic and social life. Summary of the group areas act 1950 paperback january 1, 1950 by unknown author see all formats and editions hide other formats and editions. According to szasz, the federal government sponsored three sepa. When the group areas act gaa was passed in 1950, it imposed control over. When the group areas act gaa was passed in 1950, it imposed control. Group areas act of 1950 south african history online. The generally poor, but stable mixed community living below the railway line increasingly began to receive the attention of apartheid authorities and planners, who as early as 1953, identified the area as a black spot and expressed.
The population registration act of 1950, which preceded both group areas and the bewysburo bureau of proof, required every south african to secure an identity card a laminated certificate that contained a photograph submitted by the applicant, recorded an address, a simple identity number and a racial classification. However, the increased demand for residential and production sites, new or old, and rising standards of living have led to increased production costs and caused manufacturing once more to seek cheaper havens on new shores. The malaysian evidence act 1950 ea1950 was amended in 1993 to facilitate the admission of com puter gen erated evidence based on the prevalent belief that the unique nature of. Even within black townships, ethnic groups were often segregated into separate areas for zulus, xhosas, sothos, and. Documents were issued to people based on the racial group they. Population registration act of 1950 which classified every person according to their ethnic or racial group. Natives abolition of passes and coordination of documents act. The group areas act and the land acts maintained residential segregation. Group areas act was the title of three acts of the parliament of south africa enacted under the. Sophiatown, 1950 the star and then, exactly 60 years ago the same day as the first free national vote 44 years later the national party. Schools, 1929 1950 by joseph watras in her widely quoted book, education and the american indian, margaret connell szasz contended that, during the late nineteenth century, education served as a tool of assimilation as teachers prepared indians to enter the mainstream culture. Urban areas act and the 1950 group areas act are more striking than the discontinuities. In keeping with this policy, the acts primary purpose was to maintain the formal separation of the races.
Indebtedness incurred under this act by a city, town or district shall be in excess of the statutory limit, but shall, except as provided herein, be subject to chapter fortyfour of the general laws, exclusive of the limitation contained in the first paragraph of section seven thereof. Subpart i selfhelp technical assistance grants 1944. These areas qualify as being distinct because the professions are awarded a high. Only through full and free competition can free markets, free entry into business. The group areas act and forced removals from lower claremont. Pdf oral history interviews with elders of the cape town muslim.
How did people respond to the group areas act of 1950. The entire population was to be segregated and allocated separate residential areas. According to the act, certain areas were to be proclaimed. Section 26 of the south african constitution clearly substantiates that. The nsf policy on conflicts of interest can be found at.
The coloured folk of plett, how they were moved from the cbd. Immortality act 1950 made interracial sex illegal population registration act 1950 had to be registered in 1 of the 4 official race groups group areas act 1950 implemented racial zoning in urban areas suppression of communism act 1950 anyone who opposed the government was considered a communist. As we celebrate this years freedom day, the south african history archive considers another side of our heritage. Dpdfebruary,54,a31qmass meeting at durban on may 28, 1950 to protest against group area bill and suppression of communism bill. Each race was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal. The laws under which the local authorities acted were the natives urban areas consolidation act of 1945 as amended in 1952 and 1955 and the prohibition of illegal squatting act 52 of 1951. Whites and blacks were prohibited from living in the same parts of town. The second pillar of grand apartheid was the group areas act of 1950. The group areas act designated areas of south africa for people to live, based on their racial classification in the population registration act it was passed in 1950 by the national party and repealed when the anc came to power in 1994 the group areas act of 1950 set out a tone of racial segregation. The spatial impress of the central and local states. According to this act, urban areas were to be divided into racially segregated zones where members of one specific race alone could live and work thompson 1990. Records of the bureau of reclamation record group 115.
The first of these acts made provision for the establishment of locations, and under section 91 it could be proclaimed in the government gazette that. Racial segregation, sanctioned by law, was widely practiced in south africa before 1948, but the national party, which gained office that year, extended the policy and gave it the name apartheid. The group areas act of 1950 was one of the major legislative building blocks of apartheid. American indian urban relocation national archives. This subpart sets forth the policies and procedures and delegates authority for providing technical assistance ta funds to eligible applicants to finance programs of technical and supervisory assistance for. Sro776 dated 14101950 in exercise of the powers conferred by section 30 the minimum wages act, 1948 xi of 1948, the central government is pleased to make the following rules, the same having been previously published as required by the said section, namely, chapter i preliminary 1. Thousands of coloureds, blacks, and indians were removed from areas classified for white occupation. This act had the effect of entrenching the np policy of separate development, or apartheid, by assigning group areas to different racial groups. This compulsory aspect of apartheid insured separateness, with white people living in towns and black people living in townships. Antitrust laws and real estate licensees in addition to the state real estate license law, federal antitrust laws impose certain restrictions on a real estate agents behavior towards clients, customers, and other agents.
The group areas act of 1950 established residential and business sections in urban areas for each race, and members of other races were barred from living, operating businesses, or owning land in them. Until then, most settlements had people of different races living side by side. May 18, 2012 racial disparities, socioeconomic status, and racialized politics in milwaukee and wisconsin. Record group 115 18891995 overview of records locations table of contents 115. South african urban historical research has also provided a clearer understanding of such themes as housing policy, urban native administration and influx control, but has. The omalley archives is the product of almost two decades of research and includes analyses, chronologies, historical documents, and interviews from the. In order to discuss the role of women in higher education, particularly in the professoriate and administration, it is necessary to observe the role of women in the work force and how the percentages of females in various occupations, but particularly in the professions, have fluctuated during the history of the united states.
The group areas act of 1950, fn7 passed soon after the national party took over government in 1948, was used by the apartheid state to carry out forced removals of black people from land declared to be white areas and to complete the policy of racial segregation by removing coloured and indian people from socalled white areas. Progressive education and native american schools, 19291950. Schools, 19291950 by joseph watras in her widely quoted book, education and the american indian, margaret connell szasz contended that, during the late nineteenth century, education served as a tool of assimilation as teachers prepared indians to enter the mainstream culture. Group areas act 41 of 1950 regulated the acquisition, alienation and occupational rights to land and provided for four independent nation states, the socalled homelands transkei, bophu thatswana, ciskei and venda, and six selfgoverning territories kwandebele, qwaqwa, gazan. The act was designed to restrict the black or colored race group to its own residential and trading area.
Black africans had been required to carry passbooks. The historical role of women in higher education patsy parker, ph. To this end, the act stipulated that business and residential areas were to be assigned on the basis of race. Chapter 639, acts of 1950 civil defense act referenced in bill s2028 october 5, 2009. Group areas act, act no 41 of 1950 south african history archive.
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